Shot type

Shot Reverse Shot- Shot reverse shot is a film technique where one character is shown looking at another character, and then the other character is shown looking back at the first character. since the actors are shown looking in different direction's the viewer assumes they are looking at each other.The shot-reverse shot is a form of continuity editing. It establishes both temporal and spacial continuity. It is common for a shot-reverse shot dialogue between two characters to be consist of shots taken from over the shoulders of the characters, but it must not violate the 180 degree rule.

Shot reverse shot is used all the time in films, however they could not be used in live interviews as there is only one camera used, if there was two then the cameras would be in shot the whole time. In films the shot would be filmed several times.

180-degree rule- The 180-degree rule of shooting and editing keeps the camera on one side of the action. As a matter of convention, the camera stays on one side of the axis of action throughout a scene; this keeps characters grounded compositionally on a particular side of the screen or frame, and keeps them looking at one another when only one character is seen onscreen at a time. The technique allows for an expansion of the frame into the unseen space offscreen. It is referred to as a rule because the camera, when shooting two actors, must not cross over the axis of action; if it does, it risks giving the impression that the actors' positions in the scene have been reversed.

Match on action (or cutting on action) is an editing technique for continuity editing in which one shot cuts to another shot portraying the action of the subject in the first shot.
This creates the impression of a sense of continuity – the action carrying through creates a “visual bridge” which draws the viewer’s attention away from slight cutting or continuity issues.
This is not a graphic match or match cut, it portrays a continuous sense of the same action rather than matching two separate things.

Institution Reaserch

20th Century Fox is a film corporation which is one of the 6 major American film studios. Some of the most successful films created by 20th Century Fox are: Avatar/ Star Wars/ Speed & The Chronicles of Narnia. The majority of popular and successful films that 20th Century Fox created are Comedy an Family genre films, for example: Alvin and the Chipmunks/ Doctor Do-little/ Night at the Museum and Diary of a Wimpy Kid. As I am producing a action film I have to research weather 20th Century Fox would be a suitable Institution to Produce my film with. Although 20th Century Fox prefer to make Comedy/ Fantasy and Family films because the seem to be the most profitable films. When it comes to Action films, 20th Century Fox prefers to distribute them rather than produce them, so if I was to pick 20th Century Fox as the best intuitions for my film I would get them to distribute my action film worldwide.

Warner Bros is another one of the main film studios based in California and New York. Warner Bros Is a global leader in the creation, production, distribution, licensing and marketing of all forms of creative content and their related businesses, across all current and emerging media and platforms. Some of the most popular films created by Warner Bros Fox are: Harry Potter(Producers & Distributors), Valentine’s Day(Distributers), Sex and the City(Distributers), The Hangover(Producers & Distributers), The Dark Knight(Producers & Distributors) and Slumdog Millionaire(Distributors). Warner Bros Produce and Distribute a variety of films in different genres, from Comedy, Romance, Fantasy, Adventure, Action and Horror. Warner Bros are dedicated to producing a variety of films to suit different type of audience and in my case most of my favorite film have been made my Warner Bros. To help me with my research on what institution would suit best to create my Action film I have to research what horror films Warner Bros have created and weather they were successful or not. 20th Century Fox like to mainly focus on the same genre films that give them more success (Comedy/Fantasy/Family) on the other hand Warner Bros Like to experiment with different genres and attract a wider variety of viewers. The list of well-known film Warner Bros has produced and distributed is much longer than the 20th Century Fox list, which means if I was to choose between the two on which would be more suitable to produce and distribute my film with is Warner Bros as they have more experience with action Genre which means they would make better success out of my film.

  Universal Pictures also called Universal Studios one of the six major movie studios. Universal Pictures creates and distributes theatrical and non-theatrical filmed entertainment. Universal has achieved both popular success and its recent Academy Award winners: Atonement, The Bourne Ultimatum, King Kong, Brokeback Mountain, Ray, A Beautiful Mind, The Pianist, and Lost in Translation. Like 20th Century Fox, Universal Picture prefer to create films focus on Drama, Romance and Adventure, such as the films listed above. The reason most of their films are based around this genre is because those genre films are their most successful and they prefer not to risk creating other genres out of their comfort zone and for than film to them fail. After doing that background research I now need to research what Universal Pictures is like when making action film. I need to know weather they have made many successful action films or is it one of their weaker points. If I was to choose which institution out of the ones I have researched (20th Century Fox / Warner Bros & Universal Pictures) would be more suitable and experience to produce and distribute my action film is still Warner Bros.

Target Audience final

No-one under 15 is allowed to see a 15 film at the cinema or buy a 15 rated video. 15 rated works are not suitable for children under 15 years of age. In a rating 15 film the audience may see any of the following:

•   strong violence
•  frequent strong language (e.g. 'f***').
•   portrayals of sexual activity
•   strong verbal references to sex
•   sexual nudity
•   brief scenes of sexual violence or verbal references to sexual violence
•   discriminatory language or behaviour
•   drug taking 

At 15 sexual activity can be portrayed, but usually without strong detail. Some sex scenes can be quite long at this category. Though nudity may be allowed in a sexual context there will usually be no strong detail. There are no constraints on nudity in a non-sexual or educational context. There can be strong references to sex and sexual behaviour, but especially strong or crude references are unlikely to be acceptable unless justified by context. Sex and sex references are treated the same irrespective of sexuality. 

Our film is going to have some violence in it and maybe some swearing which i9s why we are thinking of making the film a 15. 

Target Audience

18 age rating

Films rated 18 are for adults. No-one under 18 is allowed to see an 18 film at the cinema or buy / rent an 18 rated video. No 18 rated works are suitable for children.

18 works are for adults and can contain strong issues such as:

•   very strong violence
•   frequent strong language (e.g. 'f***') and / or very strong language (e.g. ‘c***’)
•   strong portrayals of sexual activity
•   scenes of sexual violence
•   strong horror
•   strong blood and gore
•   real sex (in some circumstances)
•   discriminatory language and behaviour 

There is no limit on the number of uses of strong (e.g. 'f***') or even very strong language (e.g. ‘c***’) which can be passed at 18. Uses could be aggressive, directed, frequent or accompanied by strong violence. There may be racist, homophobic or other discriminatory language at 18, and the work could explore themes relating to discrimination.
Although part of our film would conform to these conventions, we do not this the circumstance go to these extremes and therefore would not need to limit off the 15-18 age range.

Target Audience

PG rating

PG stands for Parental Guidance. This means a film is suitable for for most people of different ages, but some scenes may be unsuitable for young children. A PG film should not u[set or make a child feel uncomfortable for a child aged around eight or older

 Some films are given a PG certificate but have not been made with a young audience in mind. A recent example of a film mostly enjoyed by grown ups but passed PG would be Saving Mr. Banks.  A PG film will not contain any theme which is inappropriate for a child. PG works can explore challenging issues such as bullying, bereavement or racism. There may be mild bad language (such as ‘shit’ or ‘son of a bitch’) in a PG film, but the context and delivery are always important. For example, if the language is used aggressively or if there is a great deal of bad language, a work may be passed at a higher category.

Again i do not believe that this kind of rating would suit my film as we are looking to include content that would make the audience feel exited and scared about what will happen to the actors. We are also looking to include stories of families that could be seen as harmful to audiences of a young age who would not like it. 

Target Audience

U rating 

The U symbol stands for Universal. A U film should be suitable for audiences aged four years and over. However, it is impossible to predict what might upset a particular child, especially at this lower end of the category range. They rate films and videos aimed at very young viewers, such as Chuggington or Tinga Tinga Tales, U. However, they give them special BBFCinsight stating they are ‘particularly suitable for pre-school children’. Films or videos with this BBFCinsight should raise no significant issues in terms of discrimination, drugs,, imitable behaviour, language, nudity, sex, threat or violence. Violence will generally be very mild. A U film may include brief fight scenes or moments where characters are placed in danger. However, moments of emotional stress or threat will be quickly resolved and the outcome will be reassuring. There may be brief scary scenes and moments where the characters are placed in danger. As with violence, however, these scenes will be balanced by reassuring elements, such as comic interludes or music. ‘Baddie’ characters may carry or use weapons, but there will be no emphasis on these. Child or ‘hero’ characters are unlikely to use any kind of weapon outside, for example, historical settings. This would denifantely not be appropriete for our film. 

Target Audience

12A and 12

Films classified 12A and video works classified 12 have material that only 12- or younger can go and see and if they are 12 they can watch it with an adult. Adults planning to take a child under 12 to view a 12A film should consider whether the film is suitable for that child. 
As our group are going to do an action film, i do not believe that this age group would be a very good audience as we want it look look slightly more threatening and thrilling than this young audience. Also some of the themes in our film would not be age appropriate so to make it for this audience we would have to make the themes more child friendly